Personality: Carl Jung and Myra

1. Which personality type does Myra display, according to Freudian theory? Provide evidence for your answer. What caused it?Myra must have experienced neurotic anxiety in the presence of her husband’s â€Å"authority† as she previously must have experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against her parents because of fear of punishment, so she exaggerates her cleanings and frequently portrays herself as a martyr who does so much for others and asks so little for herself, when in reality she usually over sees the cleaning and tells others what to do, and her husband or children help her.This same neurotic anxiety makes her aggressive towards her neighbor as once grass went flying into her garden from her neighbor’s while mowing; and as a result Myra threw a fit and did not talk to the neighbor for two years. Myra displays a disturbing pattern of establishing relationships and then ending them by being rude. She sometimes criticizes people to their faces, or she just stops calling them. Moreover, this neurotic anxiety makes her concerned about spending money and she refrains from expending it despite being middle class and really not poor. As a defense mechanism, Myra has developed an anal fixation, which manifests in her obsession with neatness and orderliness.2. Why does Myra feel that cleaning the house is her responsibility? How would Jungian theory explain Myra adopting this traditional role? According to Jung the mind or psyche has two levels; conscious and unconscious. Unlike Freud, Jung believes that collective unconscious refers to humans’ â€Å"innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biological inherited response tendency.†This explains why Myra unexpectedly reacts with love and persistence to the house cleanliness, tidiness and orderliness although she had negative or at least neutral feelings toward the job, especially when we know that her mother always took care of their house and thought that it was the woman’s responsibility to do so; and Myra has learnt how to clean â€Å"correctly† from her mother who punished her when she did not clean something thoroughly enough.Of course, her mothers belief of house cleanliness was passed to her from her mother and so on through generations until it became a collective unconscious which Jung sees as autonomous forces called archetypes which, when evolved, â€Å"can be conceptualized† into persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old  man, hero, and self.3. How could radical behaviorism explain Myra’s cleaning behavior? Find examples of reinforcement of punishment that might have influenced Myra’s cleaning behavior.According to Freud, Myra’s ego which is â€Å"the only region of the mind in contact with reality† and it is governed by the â€Å"reality principle† has made the decision on cleanness and neatness of her house and yard, besid es arranging things in order. And because the ego is partially conscious, partly preconscious and partly unconscious, her ego can make decisions on each of these three levels. Myra exaggerates in cleaning her house, tidying her yard and garden and arranging her things in order as her ego consciously motivates her to choose excessive neatness, tidiness and arrangements because she feels comfortable and proud of her estate and things being like this and people compliment her for this.Meanwhile she may be, on her preconscious level, only dimly aware of her previous experience when her friends or neighbors first praised her for the way she cleans the house, tidies the yard and the garden and arranges her things. Besides, she may be unconsciously motivated to be excessively clean, neat and orderly â€Å"due to her childhood experiences of the toilet training† and cleaning the house with her mother so as to avoid pain resulting from her parents punishment and gain pleasure of their love and security. Also it has been settled in her superego what she should and should not do because of her experiences with reward and punishment she must have received from her parents during her childhood. Thus she can be dominated by the superego, which results in her â€Å"guilt-ridden or inferior-feeling person;†4. How could Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory explain Myra’s traditionally feminine cleaning behavior? According to Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, the way we react to expected events is usually more powerful than the event itself. Myra’s traditionally feminine cleaning behavior can be explained on the basis of her observing her mother cleaning and perhaps financially managing the house as well as having the same belief that her mother had as housework is the main responsibility of a woman.Myra’s behavior is also reinforced by the compliments she receives from her  neighbors and friends who overtly express their admirations of her clean house, tidy yard and beautiful garden. This accords with Bandura’s idea that reinforcement can be vicarious whether it is direct or indirect. According to Bandura’s triadic reciprocal model that includes behavioral, environmental, and personal factors, Myra has the capacity to regulate her life; and her behavioral cleanliness has turned into a consistent way of evaluating and regulating her social and cultural environment, seeing that her house is cleaner, tidier and more beautiful than any house in the neighborhood or any of her friends or relatives’ houses.5. Which of Horney’s needs motivate Myra? Which of Horney’s neurotic trends does Myra demonstrate? Provide evidence for you answer. In accordance with Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory, Myra has been influenced by cultural impacts of her society. Modern culture is based on completion (her exaggeration in cleanliness, tidiness and orderliness compared to other s) which triggers off basic hostility (in dealing with her friends and neighbors), which, in return, results in isolation, (her break up with friends and not participating in productive volunteer work), that brings about â€Å"intensified needs for affection† (her feeling of doing everything alone without being helped by anyone and illustrating herself as martyr or victim).Childhood at any stage is considered the source of most problems as a result of traumatic events. During her childhood Myra was physically punished by her parents; the thing which generated a feeling of lack of genuine warmth and affection and developed into anxiety and hostility towards others. From her behaviors of exaggerated cleanliness, hostility, saving money, and refraining from participating in productive volunteer work, Myra demonstrates some basic neurotic needs:(1) Need to restrict her life within narrow borders: she does not participate in any productive activities such as volunteer work, and sh e prefers to spend all her time and energy working on her house and yard. (2) Need for security and power: she economizes on everything and does not spend money, which represents a source of power to her. (3) Need to exploit others: she breaks up with friends and relatives who do not return her invitations to meals. (4) Need for social recognition or prestige: she tries to be the best at cleaning and orderliness and criticizes others as not equal to her.(5) Need for personal admiration: she likes people admiring her house cleanliness, her yard and garden tidiness and beauty, and her orderliness. (6) Need for perfection and unassailability: she always cleans, tidy and rearrange her house, garden, yard and things so as not to be criticized; on the contrary she always criticizes and blames others.

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to take methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil) and by heating it under reflux with NaOH as a solvent, and then cooling the mixture with H2SO4 as another solvent, synthesize salicylic acid. The final step involves purify the product to produce as pure a sample of salicylic acid as possible. This process allowed for the successful production of 1. 406g salicylic acid, an 82. 70% yield. The NMR and IR both produced images that correlate with the known spectrums indicating a pure product.The melting point range was slightly wider, though did encompass the accepted melting point values. Discussion: Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH O OH 1. 595 ml methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide by heating it under reflux. The sodium ions knock the methyl group from the methyl salicylate due to the greater attraction between the sodium cation and the slightly negative charge on the oxygen comp ared to the O-CH3 bond that had previously existed. This reaction produces disodium salicylic acid, methyl hydroxide and water molecules.The sodium crystals that form are visible as the white particulate matter seen as soon as the two chemicals are mixed. Heating of the substance under reflux increased the reaction rate as did the use of the solvent to increase the frequency of molecules being ripped off the original substance and sucking them into their new molecular formations. At this point the wintergreen smell has disappeared from the mixture indicating a rapid decline in the amount of methyl salicylate present in the reaction. When the sulfuric acid (pH ~. ) is added to the disodium salicylic acid (pH ~5-6), the two sodium atoms are replaced by hydrogen atoms creating salicylic acid and sodium sulfate and lower the pH of the solution to 2. The sodium cations are now more attracted to the slightly negative charge on the two oxygen anions on the SO42- ions than to the disodium s alicylic acid and the hydrogens take their place. The ice bath kept the temperature low enough that the salicylic acid remained solid and the sulfuric acid components liquid, allowing for a final product with the most purity possible.Determining limiting reagent: 1. 595 ? 15. 0 ? Amount of methyl salicylate used: 1 Amount of sodium hydroxide: 2. 13 g 1. 174 Theoretical yield: Actual yield: 1. 406 g Percent yield = 1. 873 ? 1. 406 ? 1. 700 Melting point range of purified product 150-162Â °C Mixed melting point range with salicylic acid: 153-160Â °C The melting point range of the synthetic salicylic acid includes the textbook value of 159Â °C.Although a greater variance was seen with the synthetic salicylic acid melting point range (range=12Â °C) versus the provided salicylic acid (range=7Â °C), the full range of the provided salicylic acid fell within the range of the synthetic salicylic acid, indicating a relatively pure product. It should be noted that optimally t he melting point range should be slightly narrower. Loss of product occurred due to loss at each transfer step including, crystals stuck to the vacuum filter, crystals sticking to the glass stir rod for pH testing as well as the metal spatula used for recrystallization.While washing the crystals, some loss would also be seen due to the slight solubility of salicylic acid. I R: 10 0 = 8 2. 7 0% (138. 1 / ) = 1. 700 (152. 1 / ) 1 = 31. 95 NaOH = 1. 873 ***limiting reagent*** PE A K # 1 2 3 4 5 POSITION (cm-1) 748. 245 1204. 33 1654. 62 2850. 27 3235. 00 BOND (MODE) C-H bend (aromatic) C-O stretch C=O stretch O-H stretch (carboxylic) O-H stretch (on phenol) ASSIGNMENT 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 NMR Chemical Shift (ppm) 10. 5 8. 0 7. 5 6. 9 Integration 2 1 1 2 Multiplicity/splitting Singlet Doublet Triplet Triplet Assignment 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 4 2 1 NMR Discussion: Assignment 1: The singlet peak is located at 10. 5 ppm and is assigned to the hydrogens bonded to the two single bonded oxygens. These two can share this single peak because the hydrogens are constantly swapping places with each other due to their position within the molecular structure and if the NMR was magnified, two peaks could be seen.Assignment 2: The peak located at 8. 0 ppm is a doublet peak assigned to the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the carboxylic group. It is shifted . 5-. 6 ppm downfield of where hydrogens on a benzene ring would normally appear due to de-shielding by the nearby carboxyl group. Assignment 3: The 7. 5 ppm triplet peak is indicative of the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the phenol group, again due to de-shielding by the nearby phenol group.The extra peak is likely due to the interaction of the O-H bond with the C-H bond. Assignment 4: 6. 9 ppm has a triplet peak and is assigned to the two remaining C-H bonds on the aromatic ring. Conclusion: The final product was created by taking advantage of the electron affinity a nd nucleophilic properties of the chemicals and especially the solvents to create transition states to allow for a faster, more stable reaction. Heating of the substance under reflux also increased the reaction rate.The melting point range contains the textbook value of salicylic acid and the IR and NMR matches the known IR/NMR for salicylic acid. This supports the purity of the substance created. The absence of the wintergreen scent indicates an absence of the methyl salicylate. After completion of this experimental process, 1. 406 g of salicylic acid was created from the initial 1. 595 g methyl salicylate which equates to an 82. 70% yield, a successful result.

Response Paper to “Against School” by John Gato

Against School Response In â€Å"Against School,† John Gato explains that there’s something wrong with the education system along with the process of schooling. In my response, I understand where he’s coming from. I’ve been contemplating myself as to how my twelve years of education had been. I personally agree to his arguments against the education system and public education. I believe what Gato is saying that the educational system and schooling has an issue involving the control and predictability of children.First, Gato contemplates about schooling and the boredom involved. I agree that, in his view, there’s boredom involved in teaching. He states that during his time teaching, he asked the teachers why they felt bored, and they put the blame on the children. However, I don’t believe this one bit. I believe that individuals who take responsibility are not to be solely blamed. I think everyone involved in this kind of situation share the responsibilities for who’s bored.In this situation, it’s possible to say both the students and teachers are to blame for boredom, and no one is solely to take responsibility for that. From his standpoint, Gato believes that the education system controls the will of students. According to Gato, the true intentions of mandatory education are to turn children into servants. Gato refers to Alexander Inglis’s view of mandatory education. Within these concepts are six basic functions, and most of these functions are what control is in the education system.A few functions, for example, are the diagnostic and directive functions and the differentiating function. Respectively, one function states that the school evaluates each student’s â€Å"proper social roles† by logging evidence into cumulative records known as your â€Å"permanent record† while in the other function, children are sorted to each role after evaluation and trained in a systematic m anner. Another thing to point out is the predictability involved with the system of education.Alexander Inglis’s view of mandatory education has a basic function that represents this predictability. According to Inglis, this basic function of modern schooling is considered the integrating function, which intends to make children as the same as possible. I believe this can relate to the school uniforms that some schools still do. Personally, I don’t prefer to be as â€Å"alike† because I believe that everyone is naturally different in their wn way, so restricting the freedom for people with coerced conformity wouldn’t be entirely human. To recap, Gato focuses on the system of education and schooling involving with the controla and predictability of children that are being taught. I thought that going to schools meant that I would have to be educated in a social, organized way, but he gave me a perspective that I have not put a lot of thought into. Children are neither to blame nor the teachers. Sometimes the system of education is not what people think it is.

Sports Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sports Communication - Essay Example release was effective since it was current and assessed the officiated events that occurred in the last two minutes of Game 3 of The Finals (NBA, 2015). The last two minutes of Game 3 of The Finals were significant since five points were at stake. However, the release only covered the officiated events. The release also notes the assessment could change upon the review of a new video angle. The design of the release was not attractive since it lacked any visual aids. It also featured long paragraphs. However, the release allows the audience to comment or respond through the NBA Communications Department. The above release was effective since it had a four-day notice to the beginning of the NFL Rookie Symposium. The release also defined and explained the meaning, history, significance, venue, participants, and duration of the NFL Rookie Symposium in details (NFL, 2015). The design of the release was equally attractive since it had a bold headline and short paragraphs. The release bears the NFL logo, a link for further information, and a visible release date. The head of the sports department issued the media release. The release defined the types, timing, and qualifications to sports scholarships in our school. The release sought to attract qualified students to apply for the scholarships. The head of the sports department issued the release at the end of previous academic year at the school’s sports office. The school’s administrator issued the media release. The release explained the termination of the basketball scholarship in our school. The release sought to inform qualified students and other interested parties of the unavailability of the scholarship in our school. The school’s administrator issued the release at the end of previous academic year at the school’s sports office. FIFA. (2015, June 18). Successful FIFA U-20 World Cup set for fitting finale. Retrieved from

Nuclear Weapons Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nuclear Weapons - Coursework Example Currently, such as weapon would have a larger toll in modern city such as New York and Paris. In addition, a ground level explosion would lead to immense death s due to the intensity of local fallout that would lead to deaths within an hour or even two weeks as a result of radiation. However, such a phenomena was absent in the Japanese cities. After the 1945 incidents, there was an international outcry which resulted in the formation of international bodies such as the UN in order to regulate the building of nuclear weapons. However, this effort has failed miserably. It is of great importance to note that the two bombs that were initially used have been expanded (Kapur 2007). For instance, current bombs have a common nuclear yield of 150,000-500,000 tones. This would have a major devastating impact on the world if used in time of war. Nuclear proliferation entails the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that were not recognized as Nuclear Weapon States. Initially, nuclear weapons developed as a contest of superiority between the superpowers. Each powerful country required weapons that would infringe more losses to the enemy than the others that were in existence. This exerted the pressure on the countries to come up with weapons that would cause mass destruction. This was mainly during the Second World War when the two warring sides tried to look for weapons that would have a large number of casualties. The initial weapons that were in existence were tested during this war. However, they were not effective, an aspect that forced the US to come up with nuclear weapons especially because the war would provide the platform to test these weapons. Constant threats by the Soviet Union forced the US government to increase its budget towards military research. This is to ensure that the military was well equipped to face the enemies. After the World War

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and Essay

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and weaknesses. What were the strengths and weaknesses specific to th - Essay Example It was difficult for the Indians to fight such an army which had strong discipline and organization. Many of the Indians made use of repeaters along with the bows and arrows which gave them an advantage despite the opponents’ better organization (Millett & Maslowski, 1994). Even with lack of discipline and ammunition, the warriors were skilled in catching their enemy by surprise. The Indian warriors especially in the west had no lands or vehicles to protect; hence they had greater mobility and could simply avoid the army in one-to-one battles where they could easily get outnumbered. They could lie low and spread around the land and sneak upon the opponents at the right time. It was hence very difficult for the attacking army to force the Indians into battle and this was very advantageous for the Indian warriors. It can be concluded that the Indian warriors had many weaknesses but their strengths helped prolong their struggle against the whites. Works Cited Millett, A. R., & Ma slowski, P. (1994). For the common defense: a military history of the United States of America. Free Press; Rev Exp edition.

Open and Closed Source Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Open and Closed Source Systems - Essay Example Under each category there are many items / applications, for example, the application software include: Mozilla Firefox – a web browser, OpenOffice – an office suit, Eclipse – an integrated development environment, 7-zip – a file archiver or compressor etc. The operating systems include: the Linux, Android – a mobile OS, FreeBSD etc. Closed source software also known as proprietary software is computer software which is only available without source code and licensed under limited legal right as per provided by the copyright owner. The buyer of the propriety software is permitted to use the software having restrictions on modifications, redistribution, update / upgrade or reverse engineering and it is typically owned by a single organization. In other words, the proprietary software is the property of the owner / developer / publisher that cannot be copied or modified, with an appropriate price and need to comply the license agreement (National Taiwan University, 1991). There are several examples of Operating Systems including Microsoft Windows 7, Microsoft Server 2000, and Microsoft XP

Human resorces Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resorces - Case Study Example Considering myself in the place of Joan, as director of scientific computing, I need to take Fred into confidence that I won’t let him down in my next appraisal recommendation for yearly hike. The difference in the salary would be compensated by offering a better yearly appraisal in salary to Fred than it would be offered to Bob. It would certainly reduce the difference and from there onwards, both the employees would be advised not to share their salary details, as it would tantamount to breach of the contract with the company. The bank needs to provide the related documents of the white employee who has not been reporting for work the same duration of time as has been on leave Ruth Wittman. The bank would also have to provide details of the white worker who was permitted to go outside the bank compound to verify the causes offered by the white employee for taking a break from the working hours so that the bank could prove the genuineness on its part by not permitting Ruth for the same. The bank also needs to provide the record of the employee who was not given heavy packets of checks for processing to prove that white employee was attending the training program and the training period of that white employee was yet to finish. If I were the EEOC District Director, I would take a decision in support of Ruth Wittman. My explanation for such a decision would be based on the issues highlighted by Ruth, indicating the practice of racial discrimination by the manager. Ruth gave three arguments, wherein she has stated color as the cause of giving Ruth a rough and biased treatment by the bank. The concerned bank did not present the specific records before the EEOC District Director to prove its argument; in stead the bank preferred to give reference of the policy and procedure and ignored the need to present some hard evidence against the blame of Ruth. Jack Otto should bring it to the notice of Bob Hill by calling him in his cabin and

Laboratory Excercise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Laboratory Excercise - Research Paper Example 2. Four tree species Four distinct tree species were observed in Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest between 20:30:19 and 21:00:19 Brazil times. One of the tree species had a thick stem and branches. The leaves of this tree were not observable within the viewpoint of the webcam. This tree species was located in the middle background of the webcam. The second tree had banana-like leaves and occupied the left hand side of the webcam. The branches and stem of this tree were not covered within the view of the webcam. The third tree species comprised of shrubs that occupied the lower left side the webcam. The leaves of these shrubs were bright, green and irregular in shapes. The fourth tree species composed of the dry stems in the middle background of the webcam. This tree species had no leaves nor branches since the remaining branches were dry. 3. Bat The bat flew from the left side of the webcam. It spent two minutes within the view of the camera before exploring the feeding table. The bat the n disappeared to the left side of the webcam. Environmental conditions Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest is characterized by wet and warm climate. Mean monthly temperatures remain above 180C throughout the year. The forest floor receives only 2% of the solar radiation due to extensive canopy. Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest receives more than 2,000 millimeter of rain per year (Marent & Morgan, 2006). The inter-tropical convergence zone plays a crucial role in creating the climatic conditions suitable for rain forests. The precipitation in this forest ranges between 700 and 1,600 millimeter. Approximately 50% of this precipitation comes from the forest’s own precipitation (Livejoy & Hannah, 2005). Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest is humid across the year because of heavy rains. Around 75% of the biotic species in Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest are indigenous. Patterns and Density of Biodiversity in Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest The rapid expansion of human population and economies in the 21s t century has led to stresses on natural ecosystems and the species within them (Marent & Morgan, 2006). Biodiversity is the range of variation found among the living organisms. Ecosystem refers to any geographic location occupied by living organisms and the nonliving parts of their physical environment. Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest has a dense and irregular tree species. The trees do not have any uniformity in pattern since Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest is a natural forest. The forest is covered by a variety of indigenous trees, but only four species were observable within the view of the webcam (Marent & Morgan, 2006). The forest also hosts a variety of animal species such as insects, reptiles and birds. The webcam, however, captured the white butterfly-like insect and a bat. Factors Influencing Biodiversity in Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest The first factor influencing biodiversity in Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest is global climate. Weather forecasters have revealed rapid climate cha nge across the world. Climate change such as increased temperatures, wind and intensity of sunshine affects the ecosystems in the Ornithos Atlantic Rainforest (DellaSalla, 2011). Organisms that do not have rapid adaptive features cannot survive extreme climatic conditions, and thus cease to exist. The second factor influencing biodiversity is natural disturbances. Storms and strong winds are common in rainforest areas, and frequently cause considerable damage in forests (Marent & Morgan,

Advantage Of Television Essay Example for Free

Advantage Of Television Essay Communication Technology Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. The communications revolution is based on three technologies Telephone Televisions Computer. The history and development of communication technology is one of the ever increasing speed and efficiency of communication over ever greater distance and ever decreasing costs. Telephone: Telephone / Mobile Phone is a system for transmitting voices over a distance using wire or radio, by converting acoustic vibrations to electrical signals. Today we can send a message from one side globe to another in seconds with touch of button via Mobile Phone. Mobile phone become a video-phone, computer, camera, TV, Radio, message minder, MP3 Music player, newspaper map etc. Television: Television is a system for converting visual images (with sound) into electrical signals, transmitting them by radio or other means, and displaying them electronically on a screen. Computer: Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals. Telephone: Receiving and Answering Call, We use telephone in our Home, Office. Mobile Phone: Mobile phone is a telephone with access to a cellular radio system so it can be used over a wide area, without a physical connection to a network. We use mobile phone for Make a Call, Receive a Call, Text Messaging, Smart Phone: Smart Phone is a mobile phone that is able to perform many of the functions of a computer, typically having a relatively large screen and an operating system capable of running general-purpose applications. We use Smart Phone for making a Video Call, MMS, Use Internet, sending and receiving Email, use camera for recording. etc. Fax: Fax is an exact copy of a document made by electronic scanning and  transmitted as data by telecommunications links. Advantage of Telephone: Usages: Usages of Television – We use Television as a Mass Media Tele Text Interactive Television increasing speed and efficiency, ever greater distance and ever decreasing cost for use as Tele Tex, Mass Media and easy communication media between consumer Customer, Government Public. Because of Television we get up to date news from different part of the world. Computer Usages: A computer is a â€Å"Machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called program.† (Microsoft Encarta 1998) We use computers in many ways that we may not even realise. In business, computers use barcode and scanners to check customers’ credit, to check out goods at a supermarket, and check warehouse supplies. EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer) electronically moves funds in the form of wages and bills between bank accounts. For Travel – Like booking Tickets, Checking Flight etc. Also we use computer for shopping or online Shopping as Ecommerce, Or E-business – Like e-Bay, Amazon Entertainment – We can watch any broadcast program connect Internet with Computer. Culture – Via internet we can published information about our culture to all over the world, we can meet with other national or cultural people. Such as social media site like – Facebook Bebo Twitter Linked In Google plus Pinterest Tumblr. Flickr VK Instagram Everything we use our daily life has advantage and disadvantage which affect our personal life, social life and normal life. Advantage of Telephone: Telephone Technology has increased dramatically over the last few years, making this issue a little more complicated in the post smartphone world. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using the telephone as a method of communication and some of them are more or less pronounced depending on whether you are considering a land line or a cellular phone. The basic advantages to a telephone. Keeping in contact perhaps on a more regular basis, if for example plans have to be changed quickly and a face to face meeting or a letter may take too long For emergency situations, obviously a cellular phone would be especially helpful in this way. It should also be remembered that a phone number is now required for many employment opportunities. Save time Cost. Also cell phone is technology, having reached such a point as to now be miniaturized computers, offer access to a great deal of information, entertainment and aid for users. Such as Smart Phone became computer competitor and we use smart phone for upload video, download apps, check Email , make a video call using apps like Skype , google talk etc. Disadvantages of Telephone: Many people feel that phones have made life more hectic and work-orientated precisely because of our ability, and growing infatuation, with being connected to our work, friends and businesses twenty four hours a day. However, some research has also shown that the majority of cell phone use in the work places is actually focused on entertainment and social communication. So, instead of communications technology increasing our work load, it may actually be increasing our social obligations instead. However, there are some general disadvantages to both land line and cell phone use as a method of technology. To begin with: Phone communication is less personal in many ways and can lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding As a method of communication it is more expensive than say, talking Phones can raise privacy concerns not just over wire taps. Crossed lines do still happen and familiarity with using a phone can lead to personal conversations taking place in otherwise public settings. Using smart phone people can record and upload video which could be personal and private moment or something like pornography. Which affect our life badly. Also other disadvantage like – Disruptive Prevent face to face conversation Texting – detrimental to writing skill May damage our ability to focus for any length of time Stalking a bullying ( Like cyber bullying uploading offensive or private video picture) Health risk – like radiation These days marketing calls are being a head ache for everyone. Anonymous threats. Sexual abuses. Helps terrorism.

Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid: History and Applications

Forensic Deoxyribonucleic Acid: History and Applications Paulean Gonzalez Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is located in the nucleus of every cell and is the genetic material that makes up cellular organism and viruses. However, DNA can be used in multiple ways when it comes to forensics. It assists in linking an individual to a criminal act, to exonerate victims or even to identify victims in mass disasters. DNA is what accounts for genetic information and DNA also codes for the proteins that are necessary for our body to survive. The history of DNA dates back to Gregor Mendel as well as Francis Crick and James Watson. DNA can be found in many different parts of the body but none of that would really matter if forensic units had no way of determining and linking the DNA to certain individuals which is why the multiple ways of DNA testing are so important. The inheritance of characteristics as well as the functions of DNA also plays an important role in forensic DNA. While what could be considered the most important part to how forensic DNA is used is the outcomes and the ways it was used in courts. History Gregor Mendel It was in 1865 that Gregor Mendel, who was an Austrian monk, went before the Brno Natural Science Society and presented two lectures that summarized his experiment results on heredity in the garden pea. Mendel’s experiment was based off the cross pollination of a wrinkly green pea plant with a smooth yellow pea plant. In this experiment Mendel was able to discover that there was both a dominant and a recessive trait. His experiment allowed him to come up with three different conclusions. His three conclusions were that the inheritance of each trait was determined by what is known as a gene, that an individual receives one set of genes from each parent, and that even though a trait does not show up in an individual it is possible to still be carried on to the next generations. In Mendel’s experiment he discovered what is known as the Principle/Law of Segregation or otherwise known as his First Law. In this law there was four different parts that were included. The first part was that there were other forms of the genes that were inheritable known as alleles. The second part was that each offspring receives one allele from each parent. The third part both the sperm and the egg hold one allele for each trait and during fertilization they pair. Lastly, if the alleles are different only one appears while the other is not. The one that is shown is the dominant trait while the one that is not shown is the recessive trait. Mendel also came up with what is known as the Principle/Law of Independent Assortment which is also known as Mendel’s Second Law. In this principle, Mendel discovered that the different alleles were passed on individually and not based on one other. Mendel saw many different combinations which meant that there was separation from one another. In the early 1900’s it was believed that inheritance was fluid in nature, which was termed â€Å"half-blood† and â€Å"true-blood.† However due to Mendel’s experi ment and his repeat experiments, it was discovered that the genetic information was a particulate, which is the â€Å"unchanging nature of the DNA molecule that allows DNA fingerprinting† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). Crick and Watson Roughly around 50 years ago Francis Crick, an English graduate student, and James Watson, an American post doctorate researcher, first proved that the structure of DNA was a double helix. For their efforts Crick, Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their â€Å"discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acid and its significance for information transfer in biological material† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). Both Watson and Crick have helped in the basic understanding of manipulating DNA as well as the understanding of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They believed that DNA was shaped like twisted ladder. The sugar phosphate backbone made up the sides of the ladders while the nitrogenous bases made up the rungs of the ladder. The ladder of DNA is made up of building blocks that are known as nucleotides. DNA makes up every chromosome and gene and is a polymer of repeating units that are known as nucleotides. Each of the nucleotides contains three specific parts; the phosphate group, sugar, and the nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous base consists of one of the four molecules including adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine (Herrero, 2009). Types of DNA There are also two types of DNA’s. The two types of DNA’s are the nuclear or chromosomal DNA which is inherited from mother and father and the mitochondrial DNA which is inherited from only the mother. DNA can be located in the cells of our body. Nuclear DNA can be present in a cell’s nucleus and is a combination of information that is inherited from both parents. It helps in the makeup of an individual’s genetic material. Nuclear DNA is best known as the â€Å"molecule of life and contains the genetic instructions for the development of all living organisms† (Nuclear DNA, n.d). Nuclear DNA can be found in almost every single cell except for red blood cells. Nuclear DNA was clearly expressed in Gregor Mendel’s Pea Experiment. His experiment was able to present information to back up the statement that half the information that was received was from the mother while the other half of information was received from the father. Mitochondrial DNA does not come from cell nucleus; it instead is located in the mitochondria of the cell. The mitochondrion is a â€Å"specialized subunit within a cell that functions as the powerhouse of the cell† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). It is more likely that a small sample of mitochondrial DNA could be discovered compared to nuclear DNA. This is because mitochondrial DNA is present in hundreds to thousands of copies in each cell compared to the only two nuclear DNA copies that are present in a cell. This means that all muscle, bone, hair, skin and many other body fluids are capable of finding mitochondrial DNA. The advantages to using mitochondrial DNA are that they are more sensitive which means less DNA is needed, degrades slower than nuclear DNA, and it can be used in cases where nuclear DNA cannot. The disadvantages to mitochondrial DNA are that all people of same maternal line will be indistinguishable and there is more work to be done, it is more time consuming, and it is more costly (Herrero, 2009). DNA Tests The two previous methods that were used were the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). While the new method that is currently being used is the Short Tandem Repeat (STR). Although all tests may be different, they all require that an extraction of DNA from the sample. All three tests have had their fair share of helping the forensic units as well as being the go-to test that was responsible for the prosecution of many felons as well as the exoneration of many former criminals. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP was the first DNA profiling technique that was used and was seen in a widespread of areas. It was developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984. This test was capable of allowing the fragments of DNA to be measured. However as it became difficult and expensive as well as taking weeks to perform and being very demanding it became outdated. For this test analysts linked the size of fragments from a reference that was known to a crime scene sample that would allow them to match two DNA profiles. One thing that caused problems for this type of testing was that many samples from the crime scenes appeared to be too small to be tested. For example a speck of blood would be of no use with the RFLP testing. Due to biotechnological advances there would soon be more sensitive tests that would turn into what is today’s DNA profiling (Herrero, 2009). Polymerase Chain Reaction The PCR test was invented so that multiple copies of a small DNA could be replicated. This test was created in 1987 by Kary Mullis, a biochemist, and Henry Elrich, a nuclear biologist. The way that this test works is that an enzyme was found that could withstand the het needed to â€Å"unzip the two strands of the DNA double helix for replication without breaking apart the enzymes itself† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). A problem that regularly occurs with the PCR test can be contamination. When the samples are being amplified it is crucial to be very careful and avoid adding extra cells onto the sample before it is amplified. A simple sneeze to a laugh could ruin the evidence (Herrero, 2009) Short Tandem Repeat By 1998, the FBI created a more multiplex version of the PCR test known as the Short Tandem Repeat (STR). This test is still being used today. Similar to the PCR test, the STR test is capable of working with small samples. There are three different color dyes that are used to â€Å"distinguish STR alleles with overlapping size ranges† (Herrero, 2009). The STR test evaluates specific regions within nuclear DNA. It is color coded as well as automated and computerized which makes it so easy to navigate (Herrero, 2009). Combined DNA Index System In 1998 the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) launched the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Today, 44 of the 50 states are allowed to collect DNA from all felons, 28 of the 50 states are allowed to collect DNA from juvenile offenders and 39 of the 50 states can collect DNA from those who commit certain misdemeanors. In 1994, Congress came up with the DNA Identification Act of 1994 which authorized the FBI to maintain a national database that allowed the sharing of DNA information between states. There are three tiers to CODIS, which are the local (LDIS), state (SDIS), and national (NDIS). CODIS uses 13 different DNA regions that can vary from person to person and matches are searched for at more than one location on a genome for more accurate results. By 2004, all 50 states were connected with the limited profiles of those who had been convicted of serious, violent crimes. On October 30, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Justice For All Act that expanded the CODIS system and allowed the collection of DNA from all federal felons and allowed the states to upload the profiles of anyone who had been convicted of a crime (Herrero, 2009) Inheritance of Characteristics The many different characteristics that we inherit are in the form of DNA. However, we do not inherit the characteristic; we simply inherit the information that produces our characteristics. Half of the genetic material that we inherit is received by each parent. The sperm and egg are produced in the gonads of the parents and results in the â€Å"production of gametes that carry only half of the DNA that made the parents unique† (Herrero, 2009, p. ). A new individual is created when the sperm and egg are bonded. Much like the parents this new individual has two copies of all the genetic information and can produce eggs that will only have one copy of each gene if a female; however if it is a male it also has two copies of all the genetic information but can only pass one of the two to each of his offspring. The information that we receive is in pairs. The reason for this as stated before is because half the information is received from the mother while the other half of inform ation is received from the father (Herrero, 2009). DNA in Courts Due to fact that DNA can be found in blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone and tissues, it plays an everyday role in courts. Kirk Bloodworth On March of 1985, Kirk Bloodworth had been convicted of the killing as well as sexual assault of a little nine year old. The little girl’s body was found dead in July of 1984. It had been discovered that she had been beaten with a rock, strangled and raped. Bloodworth was arrested based off an eye witness stating that they had seen him with the little girl earlier on the day that she went missing. Five eyewitnesses were even able to identify Kirk Bloodworth based off sketches. Other evidence that was presented against Bloodworth was that on the day of the incident he had told his wife that he had done something that would change their lives forever as well as him mentioning something about a bloody rock (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.). Bloodworth appealed the decision. His reason for appealing was that the bloody rock had only been mentioned because during interrogation the police had shown him a bloody rock. The incident in which he told his wife their lives would change forever had been dealing with him forgetting to buy the food she had requested. The police also did not inform the defense that there was a possibility that there was another suspect. The appellate court decision led to Bloodworth being convicted and also sentenced to two life terms that would run consecutively (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.) â€Å"In 1992, the prosecution agreed to DNA testing to be performed by the Forensic Science Associates† (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d., p. 1). The victim’s shorts and underwear, a stick that been discovered at the scene, as well as an autopsy slide had been compared to Bloodworth. The PCR testing that was used was able to determine that the evidence left on the underwear did not match with Bloodworth. The same tests were then performed again by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the same results were found (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.). In June of 1993, Bloodworth was released from prison and in December of 1992 he was pardoned. Over eight years of his life were lived in prison with two of those years him facing execution. Bloodworth became the first person to be â€Å"exonerated from death row through post-conviction DNA testing† (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d., p. 1). Kirk Bloodworth’s case set the stage for many cases that are soon to come (Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth, n.d.) Freddie Peacock After serving five years in a prison in New York and nearly three decades after being released on parole, Freddie Peacock was able to clear his name thanks to DNA testing. Peacock was the 250th person cleared through DNA testing after being convicted for crime in which he did not commit (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). The crime in which he had been serving had occurred on a night in July of 1976. A New York woman was returning to her apartment from work and was attacked. When the woman was unlocking her apartment door, the man approached her from behind, took her keys and threw her to the ground. Where she was thrown to the grown she struck her head. The woman was told that if she screams she would be killed. The woman was pulled by her perpetrator to the side of a house that was nearby and was raped. Once the perpetrator was done he returned the woman her keys and left. The woman went back to her apartment building where she told the building superintendent who then proceeded to call the police. She later testified that she was only able to see her perpetrators face when she was in a dark are. She was able to describe that her perpetrator was an African-American man who weighed about 150 pounds and had been wearing a white, flower shirt (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). The woman had originally struggled to remember the details of the crime but later admitted that she believed that her neighbor was the perpetrator. The superintendent responded by asking if it was Freddie and she had said yes. Peacock’s photo was included in a 10-photo collection where she identified him again. Two hours after the attack, Peacock was arrested. The woman once again identified him through a window in one-person show up procedure. After being interrogated for two and a half hours, he had initially denied being the perpetrator but the police claimed he confessed. Peacock confessed to having several severe mental illnesses and was hospitalized for it multiple times. Peacock was unable to tell authorities how, when, and where was raped. Peacock never signed the alleged confession that the officer wrote with all the details to the crime (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). At the trial, the victim testified saying that she knew he was a perpetrator because of his beard and eyes and claimed that deep down she knew it was him. She claimed that Peacock and she had only spoken twice and he had entered her apartment once uninvited. A doctor even testified that the bodily samples that were collected from the victim at the hospital, but other evidence was not presented. Peacock was eventually convicted and sentenced to up to 20 years in prison (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). Peacock had been released on parole after five years in the New York prison. Thanks to his families and church support he was able to receive treatment for his mental illness. After contacting The Innocence Project in 2002 to help him clear his name. DNA evidence was obtained and able to rule him out. This evidence was taken before a judge. A state judge tossed out the conviction. This meant his name had been cleared after 34 years of wrongful convictions (Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock, n.d.). Conclusion All types of cells in the body contain the copy of the same DNA, for example DNA can be found in the blood cells, saliva cells, tissues cells and even the semen cells. DNA Functions DNA has two primary functions. These two functions include transmitting information from one generation to the next as well as providing the blueprint for making proteins the same way every time. References Herrero, S. (2009). Forensic DNA: Technology, Application, and the Law. In S. H. James J. J. Nordby (Eds.), Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques (pp. 303-325). FL: CRC Press. Know the Cases-Freddie Peacock (n.d.). The Innocence Project. Retrieved from http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Freddie_Peacock.php Know the Cases-Kirk Bloodworth (n.d.). The Innocence Project. Retrieved from http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Kirk_Bloodsworth.php Nuclear DNA (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) core activities are driven by a social mission through provision of full range of banking needs to poor people for productive purposes, thereby contributing to the developmentl objective of poverty reduction. MFIs products and services includes micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance and also remittances. Microcredit program is providing financial capital to the poor household in order to engage them in income generating activities for alleviating poverty mostly to finance small businesses agricultural loans. Typically this type of lending is not secured by any collateral but granted based on the clients ability to generate the necessary financial means for repayment based on his or her business activities. Most of the terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand. However, there is no standard lending and credit assessment methodology employed by MFIs. We are motivated to explore and document this research gap. 1.2 The Innovation and Development of Microfinance Industry in Malaysia The provision of microcredit is nothing new in Malaysia. Poverty eradication programs involve provision of credit at subsidised rate to the poor has been around since 1970s after formation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) that was instituted in 1970. The earlier micro credit program was mainly carried out by credit unions, co-operatives, specialised credit institutions and NGOs. The provision of small financing designated mostly to finance micro enterprises, agriculture sector for poverty reduction and to improve income of the Bumiputera. The legislation for microfinance regulation in Malaysia includes, Moneylender Act 2002, Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989, Development Financial Institution Act 2002, and Cooperatives Societies Act 1993, (Zakiah, 2004). The Microfinance business models are based on mass market, cooperatives, monoline and distributor network (BNM, 2010). Majlis Amamah Rakyat (MARA), a council of trust to the Bumiputera and Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) are some of the pioneers to introduce micro credit to micro enterprises. The rural credit institutions comprising of Agriculture Bank of Malaysia (Agrobank), Farmers Organization Authority (LLP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA) and other agro-based Co-operative Societies provide micro credit for the agriculture sectors. There are also a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that engage in micro credit provision (Kasim and Jayasooria, 1993). These include Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) and Sabah Credit Corporation (SCC) in Sabah, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat (KKR) in Selangor. Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) is a government agency micro credit provider. While, Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation (YaPEIM), a cooperatives institution providing Islamic microcre dit program based on al-rahnu concept in Malaysia. Prior to 2003, Commercial banks involvement in microfinance program are just limited to extending lines of credit to AIM, and as a mediator for schemes such as the loan fund for hawkers and petty traders operated by the Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC). In May 2003, the government launched a Micro Credit Scheme, particularly stimulating agricultural production activities as well as expanding small and medium enterprise activities. Two banking institutions namely Agrobank and Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN), and AIM have been given the responsibility to carry out the scheme. The scheme is collateral free, and borrowers are eligible for a maximum loan of up to RM20,000 with interest rates charged at 4% per annum on reducing balance. The government acknowledged that development of the microfinance industry is crucial in promoting greater financial inclusion, given that almost 80 percent of the SMEs in Malaysia are micro enterprises (BNM, 2006). Thus, in August 2006, the National SME Development Council (NSDC) approved a comprehensive microfinance institutional framework proposed by BNM, comprising banking institutions, Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and credit cooperatives to develop a sustainable microfinance industry. This commercially-driven microfinance industry will complement the existing Government-sponsored microfinance programmes. This is important to ensure that micro enterprises have adequate and continuous access to financing. Following this initiative, 10 local banks are now offering microfinance products providing a channel for micro enterprises to obtain financing from the formal financial systems. BSN was mandated to provide microfinance, while Bank Rakyat would provide microfinance to members of cooperatives and Agrobank would continue to provide microfinance to micro enterprises in the agriculture and agro-based sector. Banking institutions with their extensive nationwide network of branches would ensure wider outreach of microfinance. In addition, BNM proposed the establishment of the Malaysia Cooperative Societies Commission to strengthen the role of credit cooperatives in providing credit to micro enterprises. The new comprehensive microfinance indusry framework in Malaysia is as isllustrated in Table 1 below. Table 1: The Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Malaysia Non-Bank MFIs Bank MFIs Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) Koperasi Kredit Rakyat (KKR) Kooperasi Kredit Pekerja (KKP) Partners in Enterprise Malaysia (PiEM) Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) Council of Trust to Bumiputera (MARA) Malaysian Building Society Berhad (MBSB) Sabah Credit Corporation (SCC) Agrobank Bhd (AgroBank) Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Bhd (Bank Rakyat) Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN) Alliance Bank Bhd (Alliance Bank) AMBank Bhd (AM Bank) CIMB Bank Bhd (CIMB) EONCAP Islamic Bank Bhd (EON Bank) Public Bank Bhd (PBB) United Overseas Bank Bhd (UOB) Credit Guarantee Corporation Bhd (CGC) Source: adapted from Jasman et. al., (2010) These financial institutions have adopted different business models and strategies that leverage on the institutional strengths and niches to supports the credit needs of micro enterprises. A number of financial institutions have adopted a mass market model whereby the financial institution provides micro credit products through its existing branch network. Others, like Bank Rakyat, have adopted a cooperative model which provides microfi nance to its members. Some have employed the distributor network model, which leverages on the distributive capabilities of strategic business partners. Another is the monoline model with a dedicated microfinance operation, formed with its own distinct branding and processes designed to uniquely appeal to micro enterprises. Table 2 : Comparative Analysis of Non-Bank Microcredit Programs in Malaysia Category Non-Government Organization (NGOs) Government Agency Coopeatives Institution AIM YUM TEKUN MARA SCC YaPEIM Target Group Low income community Bumiputra micro entrepreneurs Bumiputra mincro entrepreneurs Agroculture based entrepreneurs Pretty traders Gold financing Programe Name Ikhtiar Microcredit General 1 2 and Group Fund Loan Tekun Microcredit Business Financing Community Loan Scheme Al-Rahnu Micro Credit Age Limit 18 years above Women 18 to 55 years 18 60 years 21 60 years Loan Amount Min : Nil Max : RM20,000 Min : RM100 Max : RM20,000 Min : Nil Max : RM50,000 Min : 1,000 Max : RM10,000 Min : 1,000 Max : RM10,000 Up to RM25,000 Loan Period 6 months to 3 years 6 months to 5 years 6 months to 5 years Up to 4 years Up to 3 years Processing Period 21 days N/a 35 days 11 days N/a Repayment Period Weekly Daily, Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Interest Rate / Charge 10%p.a 4% 11%p.a 5% 6%p.a 1.25%p.m 10%p.a 0.1% 0.75% Program Supports Insurance Business Training Business Training, Compulsory Deposits Business training Compulsory savings Advisory Business Matching loan scheme for group of 5 or 6 individuals. Source : UNDP(2008), and Respective Institutions websites. Note : No published data available for KKR, KKP and PiEM microfiance program details. Table 3 : Comparative Analysis of Banks Financial Institutions Microcredit Programs in Malaysia Category Banking Instititions (BIs) Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) Institution ABB AMBank CIMB EONCAPi PBB UOB CGC Agrobank BSN Bank Rakyat Program Name Personal Financing AmMikro Cash Express Personal Financing PB Micro Finance EasiCash DAGS Modal Usahawan 1 BSN Teman Niaga Mikro-i Target Group Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises SMEs Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Age Limit 25 60 years 18 60 years 21 60 years Retired civil servants 25 60 years 21 55 years 21 60 years 21 60 years 18 65 years Loan Amount RM2,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM50,000 RM3.0M RM1,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM1,000 RM50,000 Loan Period 6 months 5 years 1 5 years 6 months 5 years 3 15 years 1 5 years 2 5 years 3 months 5 years 1 5 years 1 months 5 years Processing Period 2 days 5 days 2 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 4 days 6 days 10 days Repayment Period Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Interest Rate / Charge 5.05%p.a 2.5%p.m 2% 3%p.m 2% 3%p.m 0.9%p.m 0.5% 3.5%p.a 4%p.a 4%p.a 4%p.a Source : Comparative table on microfinanc product features (BNM, 2010) and Respective Insritutions website 1.3 Problem Statements: Research issues in Microcredit Lending combines the science of obtaining and analysing the facts of a loan request and the art of making judgements about that information, the feasibility of the business, and the credibility of the borrower. Experienced lenders focus on the key business issues quickly, determine what information is needed, and then make prompt decisions based on that information. Developing sound credit judgement takes time and experience; development lending to small businesses by the book is difficult and rarely results in a quality loan portfolio. There is no formula for determining creditworthiness. The loan officer must assemble and evaluate information and then determine what the entire picture looks like. Traditional bank lenders refer to the Four Cs of lending: Credit, Capacity, Collateral, and Character. Development lending uses the same rigorous credit assessment principles, but applies them to situations in which the lender must rely on borrower character and cash flow from the business. The loan application and the first meeting with the borrower are the first screen of whether a business is a potential candidate for microcredit. Beginning with the first meeting, the lender must evaluate the quality of the business deal, the fit with the borrowers experience and capacity, and whether the financing amount and structure is appropriate. 1.4 Research Questions/Objectives The questions/objectives of this study are: RQ1: To investigate the microcredit lending methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ2: To investigate the credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ3: Is there any different between lending and credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs? 1.5 Significance of this study This paper aim to understand, comparatively analyze and document the MFIs lending and credit application assessment methodology of both the commercial-driven and government-funded MFIs microcredit program. This study will contribute to enrich the existing literature related to microcredit and microenterprises financing with specific reference to Malaysia environment. 1.6 Limitations Survey involving only selected active MFIs based in west Malaysia. This paper only focused on microcredit lending and credit assessment methodology for micro enterprises only. 1.7 Organization of Report This paper is organized into four parts, after the introduction, part two contains the literature review related to microfinance lending and credit assessment methodology for micro enterprises. Part three describing data collection and analysis methodology and the last part contains concluding remarks and recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of Microfinance Delivery Methodologies (REFINE) The Review of Rural Finance Innovations in Asia-Pacific Region have identified and documented the microfinance methodologies used in Asia. These methodologies include: Grameen Bank; Association for Social Advancement (ASA); SHG Linkage Banking ; Unit Desas (Village Banks) of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI); and Mixed model and mixed method (Source:xxx) Grameen Bank model The Grameen model is the most popular and widely replicated model in Asia. It consistently achieves outreach both in depth and magnitude and high repayment rates (98 per cent). The early replicators as early as 1989 were India, Malaysia and the Philippines; others include China and Indonesia. The model focuses on: poor peoples access to credit, with women as a priority; small loans repaid in weekly instalments; eligibility for higher loan amount for succeeding loans; loans for income-generating activities; financing activities chosen by borrowers themselves; and forming solidarity groups. Over time, the replicators modified the model to suit local contexts. ASA model ASA is another model from Bangladesh. In the 1990s, ASA gained recognition for achieving a repayment rate of 99 per cent. In Asia, the model has been replicated in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. While loan products are the same as with the Grameen model, the difference is that it does not impose the group co-liability. The model also requires that the borrowers form groups of 25 to 30 members. The model uses a unique standardized branch approach which enables cost savings and efficiency in service delivery the branch has no need for additional personnel for cashier and accountant, enabling it to fully cover costs even after 9 to12 months. SHG Linkage Banking model The SHG Linkage Banking model is an outcome of the Regional Linkage Banking Programme which is an initiative supported by APRACA and Deutsche Gesellschaft fà ¼r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) in the early 1990s. Using this model, NABARD of India achieved the largest scale and outreach in the countries supported by this programme. The approach is linking SHGs with banking institutions for loan and deposit services. Most SHGs are formed by NGOs or government agencies with financial support from NABARD. One difference between this model and the Grameen and ASA models is that before obtaining their first loan, the members of SHGs are required to mobilize savings first. They usually start at a 1:1 or 2:1 loan- to-savings ratio, increasing to 4:1 in succeeding loan cycles. Bank loans are wholesaled to SHGs, which in turn lend to individual members following terms and policies set by the SHGs themselves. The SHG is the dominant microfinance methodology in India (Sinha, 2003). Unit Desas model Unit Desas are village banks of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The bank provides loans for any income-generating activity: from 3 to 24 months for working capital and 36 months for investment capital. The reported repayment rate is 99 per cent. Charging market interest rates enabled the unit banks to be profitable and operationally self-sustainable units. Mixed model and mixed method As a result of cross-dissemination of various methodologies and experimentation by microfinance institutions, there is an emerging trend of adopting a mixed model and a mixed method. The former combines features of two or more models under one approach. The latter uses different methodologies for different client segments. For example, in the Philippines, microfinance institutions use an approach called GraSa which identifies clients and forms groups using the Grameen model while removing the co-liability requirement, which is a feature of the ASA model. Overall, the common thread among the best practices is the shift from mere credit to providing broader and sustainable financial services. While there are variations, there is an increasing emphasis on attaining a sustainable fund base, cost recovery of invested funds and efficient and responsive financial services to rural clients. 2.2 Traditional Approach of Creditworthiness Assessment for Small Borrowers An important role of credit markets is to screen borrowers and allocate credit efficiently based on their creditworthiness. Traditionally, banks have played a dominant role in doing so. One of the reasons posited for this has been that banks have the financial expertise to effectively intermediate capital (Diamond, 1994). The theoretical and empirical literature has argued that banks do very little screening for small borrowers and rely excessively on collateral. In addition, recent theoretical literature has also highlighted that the screening role may be better performed by markets with many participants, as opposed to banks (Boot and Thakor, 1997). Alternative peer-to-peer credit markets have recently started gaining popularity in lending to smaller borrowers such as individuals and small firms, both in developed and developing economies (Rajkamal I., et. al., 2009) While prior research has provided substantial evidence of elevated default risk among lower-income, minority, and less creditworthy borrowers (see, for example, Avery et al., 1996, Deng, Quigley, and Van Order, 1996, Berkovec et al., 1998, Pennington-Cross and Nichols, 2000), recent studies also suggest offsets to those risks via the slower prepayment speeds of targeted borrower groups (see, for example, Kelly, 1995, Van Order and Zorn, 2002, Archer, Ling, and McGill, 2002). Table 1: Summary of Criteria considered important by Bankers in Assessing Small Business Borrower Loan Applications Assessment Criteria Author(s)/Year Country Owners Personal Charatcteristics Business Ability (Fertuck, 1982) Honesty (Fertuck, 1982) Trading Experience (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995) Managerial Experience (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Credit History (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Quality of Management (Rosli, 1995) Malaysia Leverage and Security Position Gearing (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995; Berry, Grant and Jarvis, 2001; Binks and Ennew, 1996) Collateral (Ulrich Arlow, 1981) Guarantee (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995) Risk of Default (Rosli, 1995) Malaysia Owners and Business Financials Initial Capial (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Financial Strengths (Fertuck, 1982) Bank Lending Policies Bank Policy (Berger and Udell, 2002) Relationship (Berger and Udell, 2002) Summary Table 2: Negative Factors Resulting in Rejection of Small Business Loans Application Assessment Criteria Author(s)/Year Country Owners Personal Charatcteristics Lack of Competecnce (Buttner Rosen, 1992; Desmond, 1991) Lack of Management Skills (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills Experience (Buttner Rosen, 1992; Desmond, 1991) Owners and Business Financials Poor Cash Flows (Struck Glassman, 1983) Poor Earnings Records (Fertuck, 1982) Insufficient Turnover (Read, 1998) Poor Credit Ratings Leverage Positions Poor Collateral (Fertuck, 1982) Insufficient Owners Equity (Struck Glassman, 1983) Past Due in Credit (Struck Glassman, 1983) Excessive Loan Requests (Desmond, 1991) Gearing too high (Desmond, 1991) Business Plans Insufficient Market Research (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Incomplete Business Plans (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Other Factors Bad Timing (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Summary 2.3 Innovation in Small Business Lending: The Art and Science of Microcredit The history of microcredit program can be traced back since 18th century where Credit Coperatives and charities provided small entrepreneurs in Europe (Hollis et. al., 1998). According to Hollis et. Al., a notable microcredit program in europe includes a fund created by Jonathan Swift, a novelist and the Irish Reproductive Loan Fund Institution. In developing economies, it is argued that among others absence of access to credit is presumed to be the cause for the failure of the poor to come out of poverty. Meeting the gap between demand and supply of credit in the formal financial institutions frontier has been challenging (Von Pischke, 1991). In fact, the gap is not aroused merely because of shortage of loan-able fund to the poor rather it arise because it is costly for the formal financial institutions to lend to the poor. Lending to the poor involves high transaction cost and risks associated with information asymmetries and moral hazards (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981). Nevertheless, in several developing economies governments have intervened, through introduction of microfinance institutions to minimize the gap then allow the poor access credits through provision of so called microcredit. Microcredit is defined simply as small-scale credit, most typically for less-advantaged individuals. In practice, microcredit is most frequently used to refer to credit provided specifically for the purpose of starting a small business and there is other microcredit products catering for other consumption needs of poor individual. The various forms of micro-credit systems have proven successful in delivering credit to the poor and ensuring high rate of repayment when compared to the formal channels. Because micro-credit systems have been effective in reaching the poor, many developing countries have set up special financial institutions that either directly provide credit to SHGs and the facilitating NGOs or help refinance commercial and cooperative banks that provide the credit. These national micro-finance institutions are in turn funded by international agencies as well as the national government (source xxxx) Microfinance Lending Methodology Micro-lending methodology in practice is appearently different to mainstream banking. The distinguish characteristics are as follows; (i) non traditional creditworthiness assessment criteria; (ii) non traditional collateral accepted; (iii) loan officers are not necessarily bankers; (iv) credit is provided along with business support services. Other distinguishing features between them are as tabulated below; Table 3: Comparison of Micro-finance and Formal Banking Lending to Micro Enterprises Characteristics Microfinance Formal Banking Size of loan Small/tiny size of credit Medium/large credit Duration of loan Short duration Medium and long Thrift Emphasis on thrift as well as loans Focus on loan only Screening and Monitoring Group formation and informal methods Formal Procedures Enforcement of Repayments Stepped or sequential loans, Peer pressure and weekly repayments Collateral and legal pressured for repayments Nature of Organization Social organizational form Commercial organization form Motivation Self-help motivated Profit motivated Outreach Access to poor without collateral (all members) Access limited Lending Method Cash-flows based lending Asset-based lending Analysis Field visits Desk Analysis Credit Administration Flexible and personalized Standardized Source: Adapted with midification fromxxx 2.3.2 Microfinance Loan Assessment and Credit Analysis Methodology An important function of credit markets is to screen borrowers and allocate credit efficiently based on borrowers creditworthiness (Iyer, et. al., 2009). The credit analysis is defined as a process of establishing the current creditworthiness of loan applicants and forecasting the trends in its development. Top priority goals and stages in the bank credit analysis are determined. (Feschijan, 2008). The analysis of the creditworthiness involves preliminary study of the factors and prerequisites which can affect adversely the duly repayment of the credit. When analyzing creditworthiness, along with the required prerequisites for creditworthiness it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study of the factors that determine it. It is believed that creditworthiness depends on several major factors: the borrowers efficiency, his reputation, his capacity for profit making, the value of his assets, the state of the economic situation, his profitability, etc. In order to conduct a thorough study of the above mentioned, it is necessary to use a number of indicators for the credit analysis (Feschijan, 2008). Table 3: Empirical Evidence of Microcredit Repayment Determinants Determinant factors Author(s)/Year Country Regular monitoring, audits, high repayment frequency, having group savings deposits Deininger and Liu (2009) India Close monitoring and close relationshp with borrowers Roslan et. Al. (2007) Malaysia Threats of sanctions, borrower incur less transactions costs Bhatt and Tang (2002) USA Gender of the borrower, type of business activity, amount of loan, repayment period and trainning Rosalan and M. Zaini (2009) Malaysia Joint liability, dinamic and progressive lending, Peer monitoring, social ties and social connections, self-selection, income shocks, social sanction and cooperation, loan size, infrastructure and local economic environment, group rules and regulations, group size, age of the group, assistance offered by bank, gender, local culture, group homogeneity, role of group leader Bakshi (2008) N/a (literature review) Group gender decomposition (group with more females) Anthony and Horne (2003) USA RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data Specification and Collection Method Target Respondents Target respondents will comprises of the following selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) which constitutes both the non-bank MFIs and bank-MFIs; Category Non-Bank MFIs Bank-MFIs Organization MARA YUM AIM TEKUN SCC BSN Agro Bank Bank Rakyat Target Respondents Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer No. of Respondents 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Total respondents = 320 A personally administrated survey was employed in this study. Target respondents were comprises of credit managers and officers of the above selected MFIs in west Malaysia. Questionnaire Design Table 3.1: The Structured Questionnaire Design Section Category Remarks Section A Respondent Profile This section is designed to cater information on respondents demographic profile. Section B Lending Methodology This section concentrates on profiling the lending methodology of MFIs Section C Credit Assessment This section is designed to explore microcredit assessment criteria employed by MFIs Data Analysis Methods Descriptive Statistics Analysis Descriptive statistics analysis used to explore the characteristics of the respondents. Factor Analysis Factor analysis use to analyse and determine the significant important factors for microlenders in analysing microenterprises loan applications. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVA is used to established statistical significant of differences of lending and credit assessment methodologies between commercially-driven and government-funded MFIs. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS Descriptive Statistics Analysis Respondent demographic factors Factor Analysis RQ1: To investigate the microcredit lending methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ2: To investigate the credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs

Causes of the French Revolution :: essays research papers

Causes of the French Revolution The statement citing the essential cause of the French Revolution as the "collision between a powerful, rising bourgeoisie and an entrenched aristocracy defending it's privileges" has great pertinence in summarizing the conflict of 1789. The causes of the French Revolution, being provoked by this collision of powers, was the Financial debt of the government and the long-standing political differences in the government. Over the course of twenty-five years after the Seven Years' War, the government of France--the Bourgeoisie royalty, could not manage it's finances on a sound basis. This was worsened when France aided the American Revolution against Great Britain. The Government had reached great financial debt. The problem lied and continued because of the government's inability to tap the wealth of the French nation by taxation. There was a great paradox in France being a rich nation with a government in poverty. The deteriorating finances of the government is what triggered the prolonged differences between the Bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The political differences between the monarchy and the nobles came about after the Seven Years' war also. The increasing debt of the government escalated the hope for the monarchy to resume a "absolute power" status as it did with Louis XIV. However this could not be accomplished because of the doubt that the public had towards the present kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, and the public could not be swayed to help. The only result of the attempts for absolutism by the monarchy were a series of new and increase taxes on the nobles. The aristocracy immediately reacted to these taxes as declaring them unfair and would not accept them. Louis XV began with a series of Financial advisors chancellors which all had the intention of saving the monarchy from financial ruin. They made many attempts at taxation, such as a land tax, but each of these were defeated by the nobles -- the Parlements were even destroyed for a brief time, but were later restored by Louis XVI in attempt to gain public support. The government continued to become poorer and poorer and it seemed the only successful taxation was done towards the peasants, whom had the least money. The monarchy eventually fell and caused great unrest

Passion :: essays research papers

â€Å"Florida State University, here we come!† Fort Lauderdale to Tallahassee, what a trip! On the road again†¦blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, on the road again, that damn song always in my head when we’re going on a long bus ride. I should figure out the words in between, but I’m always too lazy. Now that I think about it, I still have two cases to write if I want debate. Mr. Wakefield would kill me if he knew I’m going to a huge state tournament unprepared. I’m not worried, I’ll do it after the first stop†¦I’m tired now anyways. I’ll just take a little nap. I woke up because of all the noise†¦we’re at the first stop. It’s been four hours?! I’m still tired, so, I put my head back again. Once again, I woke up because of the noise†¦we’re at the second stop now. I slept through another four hours, I can’t believe it, and I didn’t get anything done! I’m not worried , I’ll write my cases after this stop†¦ I’m hungry anyways. So, I ate a bunch of snacks, listened to my Walkman, and went back to the bus. I’m just going to relax right now; my head hurts and my stomach is full. Here we are, Tallahassee, Florida! It’s okay, I’m not worried, once we eat dinner and settle in our hotel rooms, I’ll write my cases. So, we eat dinner, get our rooms, unpack, and now I’m way too tired to write my cases†¦ I’ll write before the tournament tomorrow. The tournament is about to start and I still don’t have any cases ready†¦it’s okay; I can write it before my rounds. I look over to the side and see someone posting the rounds up. All right, rounds are going to start in fifteen minutes and I don’t have my cases ready – okay, now it is time to panic! Well, I always said I work better under pressure†¦obviously, a lot of pressure. I sit down and I’m writing as fast as I possibly can. Wow, so many ideas†¦my hand can’t keep up! I can smell the smoke coming from the pencil grinding on my notepad. I can hear myself rooting for myself†¦go, go, go, go, Usilia you’re awesome! Okay, it’s time to go to my round, so I plot my butt down next to the door and continue writing. When my opponent gets there, I tilt my notepad so he doesn’t see what I’m writing.

Work and Play

The perfect balance between work and play – working hard and getting all the necessary assignments finished, and then being able to come home and still have time to enjoy life. If someone is letting themselves be consumed with work and it is all they can think about, they are forgetting what life is really all about. In society today, people need to become more aware that life is short lived, and we must get the most out of it. That means, when a person isn’t at work, they shouldn’t be working; they should be doing something that they enjoy.In my future, I see myself going into the military field of work, and with the military come a lot of traveling and adventure. Often, I will be living in places that I may have never even heard of. Also, I will experience things that many other people would never even dream of doing. The characteristics I for-see of my future work are as follows – focus, organization, and completed work. I understand that if I want my l ife at home to be successful, I must first have a successful work life. Using these characteristics, I will be able to make sure that my work life does not interfere with my life at home.By focusing, the quality of my work will be at it’s absolute highest; I will not become distracted by events happening at home or even in the world because I know I must focus on my work or else it will not meet the necessary standards. Also, by keeping organized I will avoid many potential stressful moments. I will always know what it is I must get done for that particular day, and I will always know where the things I need are to complete those assignments. If I fell into the trap of becoming unorganized, I would most likely become too stressed out to enjoy my home life even the least bit.As well as staying organized I will always leave my work place with all of my assignments or tasks completely finished. By making sure of this, I will never have to worry about work when I am at home. Not only that, but I will be creating a less stressful environment for my employer as well because he will know that he can always depend on me to get my job done. If I manage to complete all of my work at the workplace, I should never run into problems with my work interfering with home life. Out side of work, one must find something to occupy their time in order to maintain the balance between work and play.Things such as relaxing, extracurricular activities, hanging out with friends, and visiting with family members are all good ways of maintaining that balance. In my future I imagine that the things I choose to do when I am not working are going to be very vital for me if I want to keep my life as stress free as possible. Watching TV and resting are going to be very important ways of â€Å"winding down† for me, without being able to relax every once in a while my work would start to lack quality because I would become bored of it due to restless working.Another characteristic of my â€Å"play† life would be sports and hobbies; these two things are extremely important in my life because without them I would basically have nothing to do. By keeping myself active in sports I am able to live a healthy lifestyle, which can also positively affect my work life. Hobbies, on the other hand, can be a great way to find out something new about myself, and meet new people with similar interests. Next on my list would have to be hanging out with my friends and visiting with my family.People now-a-days must make sure that they find time for their family and friends, because if a person neglects a relationship with someone they can lose that friend or family member very quickly. Too often people become consumed with their work, and completely forget about their friends and family, because they are too busy to ever hang out with them. Although I see my life in the future being tremendous and stress free for the most part, I am slightly concerned about a few thing s.

Teachers Perception Of Gender Bias In The Classroom Education Essay

One of the first things that we do when a kid is born is to happen out its sexual class. This announcement at birth, male child or miss, is the most important statement that governs one ‘s development as a individual throughout one ‘s life. Harmonizing to Weiss ( 2001 ) , a individual ‘s gender marks his/her full life from within and without. How our gender structures the manner we learn has been studied extensively by societal scientists, psychologists, educationalists, and women's rightists. They all agree that non merely 1 ‘s ain sense of gender individuality affects the acquisition procedure really significantly, but others besides play a definite portion in this position. Teachers play a cardinal function in act uponing larning patterned advance from when the kids begin school. Harmonizing to David and Myra Sadker â€Å" sitting in the same schoolroom, reading the same text edition, and listening to the same instructor, male childs and misss receive really different instructions † ( Weiss, 2001, p. 44 ) . Their research illustrates that male pupils non merely have more of the instructors ‘ attending in mention with the figure ( and quality ) of the inquiries asked in the schoolrooms, but the same is besides true in instance of the follow-up inquiries. Harmonizing to them, male pupils besides receive more precise and helpful feedback ; while female pupils bear the consequence of their instructors ‘ asymmetrical distribution of energy, endowment, and attending ( Weiss, 2001 ) . Frequently, elusive gender prejudice is at that place in the schoolrooms but is barely noticed by the instructors. It remains elusive and is difficult to trap down. Teachers, being wedged between several determinations every twenty-four hours refering the course of study and schoolroom direction, happen small room to contemplate and analyze their interactions with male and female pupils in their schoolrooms. While a the survey done by Marshall & A ; Reinhartz ( 1997 ) showed that the instructors ‘ communicating with their pupils has a cardinal influence on the current and prospective accomplishment and achievement of both male and female pupils, another survey by Crawford and Macleod ( 1990 ) ( as cited in Lundeburg, 1997 ) , discovered that colored schoolroom interaction leads to decrease assurance in their rational abilities by female pupils. A big figure of surveies exhibit that instructor behaviours institute the foremost contributing factor for a higher grade of student-pa rticipation in the schoolroom by male pupils than the female pupils. ( Kosmerl, 2000 ) . Male pupils are likely to acquire a greater portion of instructors ‘ attending and have more specific feedback. However, female pupils are less likely to have congratulations or redress for the rational content of their replies than male pupils ; conversely, the female pupils are more likely to have an acknowledgement response from their instructors ( Sadker and Sadker, 1994 ) . It is non common to happen instructors waiting for more than 5 seconds for a response from their pupils ; it is even more uncommon to see instructors naming on non-volunteering pupils to arouse their responses. Teachers ‘ behaviours such as these tend to breed schoolroom unfairnesss by promoting aggressive male pupils ( Lundeburg, 1997 ) . Another survey by Sadker and Sadker ( 1986 ) ( as cited in McGee Bailey, 1996 ) provides grounds that instructors ‘ discriminatory behaviors in the schoolroom are non chronic but modifiable. However, instructors are mostly non witting of their ain unjust behaviors in the schoolrooms, and are frequently found to be gender-blind, unless their attending is drawn to the affair. This can hold many detrimental effects, because it is about impossible to work out a job that is difficult to acknowledge in the first case. Nonetheless, preparation in gender equity is barely of all time an ingredient of instructor instruction ( Lundeberg, 1997 ) , particularly so in Pakistan. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM While a important sum of research exists in context of pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in the schoolroom, there is small research on manus sing instructors ‘ perceptual experiences of the same capable affair. This survey is intended to concentrate on the modern-day perceptual experiences of instructors sing gender prejudice. Since pupils continue to have different instructions, it is of import to place how instructors may continue to detect, respond, lessening, and avoid gender prejudice. PUROSE OF STUDY The intent of this survey is to exemplify the perceptual experiences of instructors on the topic of gender prejudice as measured by a questionnaire. The aims of the survey are: I ) To measure instructors ‘ perceptual experiences about gender prejudice. two ) To measure instructors ‘ educational preparation sing gender prejudice. three ) To measure instructors ‘ experiences with gender prejudice. Research HPYOTHESES Hypothesis I: Even if instructors do non province that they have been involved in gender prejudice in their ain schoolrooms, they will describe they have witnessed or heard of gender prejudice issues in their schools and/or others. Hypothesis II: Teachers will describe they wish that they had received some or more educational preparation sing gender prejudice. Hypothesis Three: Teachers will describe they have received small or no educational preparation sing gender prejudice. adapted from ; Teachers ‘ perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdf REFRENCES Kosmerl, K. M. ( 2000 ) . Teachers ‘ perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdf Lundeberg, M. ( January-February, 1997 ) . You Guys Are Overreacting: Teaching Prospective Teachers About Subtle Gender Bias, Journal of Teacher Education, 48 ( 1 ) , 55-61. Marshall, C. , Reinhartz, J. ( July/August, 1997 ) . Gender Issues in the Classroom. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/pss/30185879 McGee Bailey, S. ( May, 1996 ) . Shortchanging Girls and Boys. Educational Leadership, 53 ( 8 ) , 75-79. Cited in: Teachers ‘ perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdf Sadker, D. , Sadker, M. ( 1994 ) . Failing at Fairness: How Our Schools Cheat Girls. New York: Simon & A ; Schuester. Weiss, R. ( 2001 ) . Gender-Biased Learning. Training & A ; Development, 55 ( 1 ) , 42-48. Cited in: Teachers ‘ perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdf

Principles of Management Essay

The fundamental aim of any given business is to make profits and maximize those profits. Organizations therefore in its day to day business activities will always aim at making the maximum profits at a very low cost of production. This basically means that a company wants to make very high profits without incurring a lot of expenses. In minimizing their cost of production while still ensuring that maximum profits are realized, sometimes companies violate regulations and laws governing them. It is therefore of utmost importance that there are other external bodies charged with the function of carrying out checks and balances to ensure that companies, businesses and organizations in general do not violate laid down regulations as they attempt to maximize their profits at very low costs of production and also that the consumers gets the products at very affordable prices and that the environment is not polluted by the by-products of the manufacturing companies. Therefore the first purpose of regulating companies is to ensure that the consumer on the ground is not shortchanged in terms of prices. This basically means that without regulations a company may charge unreasonably high prices for its products to the disadvantage of the customer. The regulatory bodies therefore ensure that a standard price for every particular product is set and companies are given a limit and extent up to which they are not expected to exceed. Should there be a violation by any company the regulatory body always steps in and takes an immediate action and if the company had no justifications whatsoever to go against the laid down regulations, disciplinary measures against the company are the next step. Business regulation is viewed by many as a way of enhancing better business environment. Regulation is also done to ensure that companies give consumers quality products for their money. It has been observed over the past years that failure to keenly monitor a company’s activities leads to recklessness and negligence by manufacturers so that consumers get very lo0w quality products. The laws governing the regulation of a company therefore provide for a regulatory body whose function is basically to check the kind of products a company produces in terms of quality. The issue of quality is almost synonymous to suitability of a product for use by customers in terms of safety. A product could be of low quality in that it is not up to the standards expected of such a product. For instance, if it is a vehicle it would be said to be of low quality if it fails to cover the mileage a car of a similar make would be expected to make. Quality is also looked at in terms of suitability so that it is important for the regulatory board to establish whether a company is making are suitable for use. For instance, if it is a company that manufactures food stuffs, then the regulatory body must ensure that the foods manufactured are actually edible and safe for human consumption. In case of medical products they must ensure chemicals used in the manufacture of medicines have no side effects on the body of a patient. In case of electronic products it is vital to ensure that the are safe so that they don’t blow up on the user of that product. It is for this reason that every country has regulatory bodies known as bureaus of standards of goods and products in general are maintained by the manufacturers. Regulation by external regulatory bodies is also done to ensure do not carelessly dispose off waste products thereby polluting the environment. Most companies if left to go unregulated would cause a l0ot of harm to the environment. This is because of the kind of waste products they produce. Most of the waste products are not only toxic but also poisonous. The regulatory bodies are therefore very instrumental in ensuring that companies treat their waste products prior to releasing them to the outside world. Better still, they ensure that even with the w3aste products being treated, they are disposed in the right place and manner. A case scenario of a company that used to produce to waste products that were toxic and then carelessly release the waste products into the open air. This in turn caused the surrounding residents great suffering as there was an outbreak of diseases. The regulatory body immediately intervened and the company was closed down indefinitely until they found a lasting solution. It has also been observed that most industries would rather drain their waste products in the water . odies notwithstanding their toxic levels so that they cut down expenses of having to dispose the waste products in the right way. This kills the aquatic animals thus destroying the environment. The regulatory bodies in such cases are very quick to ensure that no life both human and that of animals is put in danger. Regulation is also done to ensure prompt payment of taxes by companies. Every company in business in every country is required to pay taxes to the government of that particular country. This forms a source of income for the government. Most companies as discussed earlier are very evasive because their main goal is to make maximum profits. Thus they sometimes attempt to evasion of payment of taxes in order to make as high profits. It is no secret that even the consumers on the ground who are the back bone of the business field are more often than not treated very unfairly by the businessmen as they attempt to achieve their principal of maximum profit at the lowest possible cost. Manufacturers and owners of companies always want to be beneficiaries of their work at no extra cost thus tax evasion and avoidance is very common in the business field. However, they ignore the fact that by engaging in such malpractices of tax evasion and avoidance the government stands s to lose a lot in terms of revenue and as a result the country’s population suffers as the government is no longer able to sustain their needs due to insufficient revenues. Note that the manufacturers have had nothing to lose as their businesses still go on as desired. It is also important to note that failure of companies to pay taxes automatically means that a lot more will be demanded from the individuals thus suppressing the common citizen. Most people don’t find the importance of paying taxes. Tax is an obvious source from which countries can generate cash to fund human development. It is also one of the means by which they can begin to free themselves from dependence on handouts and the punitive conditions often attached to aid. Tax can also help countries determine their own route out of poverty. How Tax Policies Fleece the Poor, Christian Aid, September 2005, page6) Regulatory bodies therefore ensure that companies pay taxes as they should to avoid suppressing the poor people. Research indicates that evasion and avoidance of taxes by companies has led to a considerable increase in Value Added Tax which is the tax imposed on common goods used by ordinary people therefore placing an unfairly heavy burden on poor people. Regulation of companies is also done to ensure that employers respect labor laws put in place to protect rights of employees at the work place. More often than not employers ignore the rights of their employees thus employees are made to work under very poor conditions. Therefore the regulatory bodies in conjunction with non-governmental bodies come together in defending the rights if the workers and ensuring that companies follow the laws governing the rights of the employees to the letter. The regulatory bodies also ensure that workers are not treated unfairly in terms of wages by ensuring that they are paid above the minimum wage. It also ensures that employees are not overworked in term s of work load and the number of hours that they work. The regulatory bodies are also very keen in terms of the age limit so that companies do not employ underage employees in order to have cheap labor. Another major function of the regulatory bodies is to ensure that companies submit annual returns as they should and within the required time. The annual returns and reports contain the activities of the company for a given period usually one year and include income generated, profits made, expenses incurred and losses made. Most companies default in the submission of these annual reports and returns in order to conceal the profits made and consequently evade being taxed. They also default in submission of the reports as a way of covering up for any activity or activities carried out in the year that contravened any laid down rules. The regulatory bodies therefore step in to ensure that all companies submit their annual returns and reports and that they do so within the required time. Regulatory bodies also play a major role in ensuring that companies comply with the general requirements of operating and running of a company. This is in relation to the formation of a company, who makes the board of governors, who constitutes members of a company, shareholders and all other requirements a company is expected to comply with in its operations. The regulatory bodies are always in the frontline in the protection of investors so that companies do not manipulate them as far as investment is concerned. From the roles discussed earlier, it is very clear that a regulatory body is of great importance in the business field as it ensures that companies operate without the slightest form of flaws. From the discussion, it is very clear. From the discussion, it is clearly spelt out that companies cannot by any means regulate themselves. This is for the obvious reasons that regulations of their operations are obviously incompatible with the fundamental principle with their fundamental purpose, goal and objective of making maximum profits at the lowest possible cost. It is unrealistic and almost impossible to expect that companies will regulate themselves while it is very clear that their main objective in business and the task of regulation totally are not synonymous. It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves and asked to regulate themselves while it is very clear that their many objectives in business and the task of regulation totally do no rhyme. It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves, they would take advantage, exploit people and the consumer on the ground would be on the losing end. It is therefore correct to state that regulation of companies and other business organizations can only be successfully done by external regulatory bodies separate from the company itself who have no interest whatsoever in either the company or activities. Therefore it is only with the right regulatory measures that a fair playground in the business industry can be achieved. This can be achieved by ensuring that regulatory bodies are established for checks and balances of companies and business organizations at large. Regulation by eternal regulatory bodies has also played a major role in establishing fair and healthy competition among businessmen therefore has a level playground to do their business.